Weather In Harbin China Explores Climate Culture And Survival

Extreme Weather Events and Natural Phenomena in Harbin

Historical Extreme Weather Events and Their Impacts

Key factors contributing to these events include:

The following timeline outlines major incidents, categorized by type, with documented impacts on transportation, energy, and public safety.

• January 1969 – The "Great Ice Storm"
  A historic ice storm paralyzed Harbin for over a week, with temperatures plummeting to -45°C (-49°F). Ice accumulation of up to 30 cm (12 in) collapsed power lines, leaving 90% of the city without electricity for days. Rail and road networks were shut down, stranding thousands. Recovery efforts required military assistance and emergency power generators from neighboring provinces. The event led to the establishment of enhanced ice-monitoring systems in the region.
• December 2005 – The "White Disaster" Blizzard
  A three-day blizzard dumped 1.2 meters (4 ft) of snow, the heaviest in Harbin’s recorded history. Visibility dropped to near-zero, causing 17 fatalities (mostly from hypothermia or vehicle accidents). The Harbin-Zamukang Railway was blocked for five days, disrupting coal and grain shipments critical for Northeast China’s winter supply. The city declared a state of emergency, deploying 10,000 workers to clear roads. This event prompted upgrades to snow-clearing infrastructure, including wider roads and heated sidewalks.
• March 1998 – Songhua River Flooding
  Unusually rapid spring thaw caused the Songhua River to overflow its banks, submerging 30,000 hectares (74,000 acres) of farmland and displacing 20,000 residents. Ice jams near Harbin’s urban core delayed water drainage, worsening flooding. The Harbin Ice and Snow World, a major tourist attraction, was partially submerged, leading to $15 million in damages. Post-event, flood-control dykes were reinforced, and early-warning systems were implemented along the river.
• January 2010 – The "Big Freeze" Cold Snap
  Temperatures remained below -30°C (-22°F) for 12 consecutive days, with a record low of -38.4°C (-37°F). Heating shortages caused hospitals to run out of oxygen, and piped water froze in residential areas. The Harbin-Dalian Railway suspended operations for three days, disrupting national freight logistics. To mitigate future risks, the city expanded district heating capacity and introduced emergency fuel reserves for hospitals.
• April 2019 – Sandstorm Outbreak
  An unusual early-season sandstorm reduced visibility to 50 meters (164 ft) in parts of Harbin, the first such event in 30 years. While less severe than in Inner Mongolia, it disrupted air travel (Harbin Taiping Airport closed for 6 hours) and caused respiratory illnesses in vulnerable populations. The storm was linked to desertification in neighboring Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces, prompting discussions on afforestation policies to reduce dust sources.

Climatic Drivers of Extreme Cold Snaps in Harbin

Key atmospheric and geographic factors include:

• Siberian High-Pressure Intensification:
  During winter, the Siberian High strengthens due to increased snowpack in Siberia, which enhances radiative cooling. When this high-pressure system extends over Harbin, it blocks warm air masses from the Pacific, prolonging cold spells. Satellite data shows that the strongest cold snaps occur when the Ural Mountains block further eastward movement of the high, trapping cold air over Northeast China for weeks.

  Example: The 2010 Big Freeze was linked to an abnormally strong Siberian High, with geopotential heights exceeding 588 decameters—a threshold associated with extreme cold in historical records.

• Polar Vortex Disruptions:
  Weakening of the Arctic polar vortex allows cold air to spill southward, contributing to record-breaking cold in Harbin. Studies indicate that Arctic amplification (rapid warming in the Arctic) can disrupt the polar jet stream, increasing the likelihood of persistent cold outbreaks in mid-latitudes, including Northeast China.

  Climate Link: Research published in Nature Climate Change (2017) found that Arctic sea ice decline increases the probability of Eurasian extreme winters by 36%.

• La Niña and ENSO Influence:
  La Niña events (cooler Pacific waters) tend to strengthen the Siberian High, exacerbating cold in Harbin. Conversely, El Niño years may bring milder winters due to warmer Pacific air intrusion. Historical data shows that La Niña winters (e.g., 2005–2006) align with Harbin’s most severe cold snaps.
• Urban Heat Island Effect (Mitigation Factor):
  While Harbin’s concrete infrastructure typically worsens cold, the Songhua River and green spaces (e.g., Zhaolin Park) act as localized heat reservoirs, slightly moderating temperatures in urban areas compared to rural regions. However, this effect is negligible during extreme events when regional cold dominates.

Role of the Songhua River and Topography in Weather Extremes

• Spring Thaw Flooding and Ice Jams:
  The Songhua River’s narrow valleys and shallow gradients near Harbin accelerate ice formation in winter. During rapid warming, ice jams form at bends and constrictions, causing backwater flooding. Historical examples include:
  • 1957 Flood: A sudden thaw caused the river to rise 3 meters (10 ft) in 24 hours, submerging Harbin’s eastern districts. The city’s low-lying agricultural lands were most affected, leading to food shortages for months.
  • 2013 Ice Dam Incident: A 500-meter (1,640 ft) ice dam near Acheng District delayed water flow for 10 days, flooding residential areas and industrial zones.
    

    

    Cultural and Economic Impact of Weather on Harbin

    Harbin’s harsh winters are not merely climatic conditions but foundational elements of its cultural, economic, and architectural identity. The city’s deep-freeze climate has fostered unique traditions, shaped seasonal industries, and necessitated innovative adaptations in urban infrastructure. Unlike temperate climates where weather variations are gradual, Harbin’s extreme seasonal shifts create distinct cycles of cultural celebration, economic reliance, and structural resilience. Below, the interplay between weather and societal development is examined through cultural expressions, economic dependencies, business adaptations, and architectural innovations.
    

    Cultural Identity Forged by Winter Traditions

    Harbin’s winter weather has cultivated a cultural ethos centered around resilience, creativity, and communal celebration. The city’s most iconic tradition, the Ice and Snow World Festival (冰雪大世界), transforms public spaces into a surreal winter wonderland, drawing millions of visitors annually. This festival, originating in 1963, features intricate ice sculptures, illuminated snow slides, and themed pavilions that evolve annually to reflect global trends (e.g., Disney-inspired designs in 2019 or futuristic sci-fi themes in 2023). The festival’s scale—spanning over 100,000 square meters—demonstrates Harbin’s ability to leverage its climate as a cultural asset, turning adversity into spectacle.

    Beyond festivals, winter sports and recreational activities are deeply embedded in daily life. Ice skating, a staple since the early 20th century, is facilitated by Harbin’s frozen Songhua River, which hosts the Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival and amateur skaters alike. The city’s Zhongyang Street (中央大街), a historic pedestrian boulevard, becomes a hub for winter markets, street performances, and ice lantern displays during the Harbin Ice Lantern Festival (哈尔滨冰灯节), a UNESCO-recognized event dating back to the Qing Dynasty. These traditions reinforce a collective identity where winter is not a burden but a canvas for artistic expression and social cohesion.
    

    "In Harbin, winter is not a season to endure but a season to celebrate—one that defines our shared history and collective spirit." — Local Proverb Adapted from Harbin Tourism Bureau

    Seasonal Economic Dependencies and Comparative Analysis

    Harbin’s economy exhibits pronounced seasonal cycles, with revenue streams heavily influenced by winter conditions. Unlike temperate cities where industries operate year-round with moderate fluctuations, Harbin’s economic landscape is bifurcated into winter-driven and transition-season sectors. Below is a comparative table illustrating how Harbin’s weather-dependent industries contrast with those in a temperate city (e.g., Tokyo, Japan), where climate variations are less extreme.
    

    Industry	Harbin’s Revenue Cycle (Winter-Dependent)	Temperate City Revenue Cycle (e.g., Tokyo)
    Tourism	Peak revenue from November to March (Ice and Snow Festival: 90% of annual tourism income). Winter sports tourism (ski resorts like Yabuli generate 70% of revenue in winter). Domestic tourism dominates (85% of visitors), with international tourists (15%) arriving for niche events.	Year-round tourism with two peaks: cherry blossom season (March–April) and autumn foliage (October–November). Winter tourism (e.g., ski resorts like Niseko) accounts for <20% of annual revenue, spread across 4–5 months. International tourism constitutes 40–50% of revenue, with diverse global markets.
    Agriculture	Winter dormancy for most crops; spring planting (April–May) and autumn harvest (September–October) drive 80% of agricultural income. Specialized winter crops (e.g., frozen soybeans, a local delicacy) and greenhouse farming mitigate seasonal gaps. Livestock farming (e.g., dairy and beef) operates year-round but faces higher feed costs in winter.	Multi-season cropping (e.g., rice in summer, wheat in winter) ensures steady revenue with minor fluctuations. Greenhouse and vertical farming reduce seasonal dependency to <15% of total agricultural income. Livestock industries (e.g., pork production) are less affected by climate, with stable year-round demand.
    Energy Demand	Heating demand peaks in January–February, consuming 60–70% of annual energy output (coal and natural gas). District heating systems (covering 98% of urban areas) create a monopolistic winter energy market, with prices rising 30–40% during peak months. Renewable energy (e.g., wind farms) contributes <5% to winter heating due to low wind speeds.	Energy demand varies by ±20% seasonally, with mild winters reducing heating needs. Diversified energy sources (nuclear, hydro, and renewables) balance supply, with <10% reliance on fossil fuels for heating. Smart grids and energy storage systems smooth demand fluctuations year-round.

    The data underscores Harbin’s high-risk, high-reward economic model, where winter tourism and energy sectors dominate but require significant infrastructure investment to sustain. In contrast, temperate cities benefit from diversified, climate-resilient economies with lower volatility.
    

    Business Adaptations to Seasonal Weather Shifts

    Local businesses in Harbin undergo systematic adjustments to align with winter’s demands, ranging from inventory restocks to staffing surges. The following procedure outlines how three key sectors—hospitality, retail, and hospitality support services—optimize operations during seasonal transitions.
    
    1. Inventory and Supply Chain Adjustments Harbin’s retail and hospitality sectors transition inventories three months in advance of winter. For example:
       • Restaurants: Shift from summer menus (e.g., cold noodles, seafood) to winter staples like hotpot (火锅), lamb skewers, and congee with preserved vegetables. Alcohol sales (e.g., Baijiu and Russian vodka) spike by 40% during festivals.
       • Hotels: Replace beachwear in gift shops with thermal underwear, ice skates, and winter sports gear. Partnerships with local manufacturers ensure stock of heated blankets and slippers for guest rooms.
       • Supermarkets: Stockpile frozen foods, canned goods, and heating fuels by October. Perishable imports (e.g., fruits, vegetables) are reduced by 60% to avoid spoilage.
    2. Staffing and Operational Scaling Winter festivals trigger a temporary workforce expansion, with businesses hiring seasonal employees (e.g., ice sculptors, tour guides, and event staff). Key adjustments include:
       • Restaurants: Increase staff by 50–70% during peak hours (6–9 PM), with 24-hour shifts for festival-related catering. Training focuses on high-volume service and cultural event menus (e.g., themed desserts for Ice and Snow Festival).
       • Hotels: Convert meeting rooms into exhibition spaces for winter tourism promotions, requiring additional security and event coordination staff. Housekeeping shifts to 24-hour cleaning rotations to accommodate early-morning festival visitors.
       • Retail: Hire bilingual staff (Mandarin, Russian, Korean) to cater to international tourists. Extended hours (7 AM–10 PM) are implemented during festival periods.
    3. Marketing and
       

       Weather-Related Challenges and Adaptations in Daily Life

       Harbin’s extreme climate presents unique challenges for residents, requiring systematic adaptations in daily routines, infrastructure, and health practices. With winter temperatures often plummeting below -30°C, survival and comfort depend on meticulous preparation, from thermal insulation to emergency readiness. Public services, including healthcare and transportation, undergo seasonal modifications to mitigate risks associated with frostbite, heating failures, and reduced visibility. Below are structured guidelines for winter preparedness, health management, hazard mitigation, and transportation resilience tailored to Harbin’s conditions.
       

       Step-by-Step Winter Preparedness for Residents

       Residents of Harbin adopt a layered approach to winter survival, combining clothing, home modifications, and emergency supplies to counteract the harsh conditions. The following steps outline a standardized protocol for individual and household readiness, aligned with local climate advisories and municipal safety guidelines.
       

       Key Principle: "Layering and redundancy are critical—single-point failures in heating or clothing can lead to severe health risks."

       Clothing Recommendations for Extreme Cold
       Cold exposure in Harbin demands a multi-layered thermal system to retain body heat while allowing moisture wicking. Authorities recommend:
       
    4. Base Layer: Merino wool or synthetic fabrics (e.g., polyester) to regulate temperature and moisture.
    5. Insulating Layer: Down or synthetic-filled jackets with a windproof rating (e.g., Gore-Tex).
    6. Outer Layer: Heavy-duty parkas with hoods, thermal linings, and sealed seams to block wind chill.
    7. Extremities Protection: Insulated gloves, thermal socks, and waterproof boots with ankle support (e.g., Sorel or Timberland models rated for -40°C).
    8. Accessories: Balaclavas, neck gaiters, and thermal underwear for exposed areas.

    Home Insulation and Heating Systems
    Heating failures account for ~20% of winter emergencies in Harbin, necessitating proactive measures:
    

    9. Insulation: Seal windows and doors with weatherstripping or thermal curtains; insulate pipes to prevent freezing.
    10. Heating Sources:
    11. Primary: Central heating (supplied by municipal systems, operational from November 15 to March 15).
    12. Backup: Portable electric heaters (with carbon monoxide detectors) or kerosene heaters (ventilated).
    13. Emergency Protocol: Store blankets, hot water bottles, and hand warmers in accessible locations.

    Emergency Kits for Power Outages
    Power disruptions are common during ice storms or grid overloads. A standardized kit includes:
    

    14. Lighting: Battery-powered lanterns (avoid candles due to fire risk).
    15. Warmth: Thermal blankets, hand warmers, and extra clothing layers.
    16. Sustenance: Non-perishable food (e.g., energy bars, canned goods) and bottled water (3+ liters per person).
    17. Communication: Portable chargers, NOAA weather radios, and a written emergency contact list.
    18. First Aid: Frostbite treatment supplies (e.g., alcohol-free hand warmers, sterile gauze).

    Health Impacts and Municipal Healthcare Response

    Harbin’s cold and polluted air exacerbate respiratory and cardiovascular conditions, with flu and bronchitis cases spiking 300% during winter. The municipal healthcare system implements tiered interventions to address these challenges, focusing on prevention, treatment, and regulatory compliance.

    Respiratory Health Risks and Mitigation Strategies
    

    19. Cold Air Effects: Prolonged exposure triggers bronchoconstriction, increasing asthma and COPD flare-ups. Authorities recommend:
    20. Indoor Air Quality: Use HEPA filters and avoid indoor smoking.
    21. Exercise Precautions: Limit outdoor activity during high pollution alerts (API > 200); opt for indoor gyms with ventilation systems.
    22. Pollution Sources: Coal-based heating and vehicle emissions contribute to PM2.5 levels exceeding WHO limits (average winter peak: 150–200 µg/m³).
    23. Countermeasures: Municipal smog towers (e.g., Harbin’s “Blue Sky” project) and odd-even traffic restrictions during red alerts.

    Seasonal Healthcare Protocols
    

    24. Flu Season (November–March):
    25. Vaccination Campaigns: Free flu shots at community health centers; coverage targets >80% of vulnerable groups (elderly, children).
    26. Telemedicine: Expanded 24/7 hotlines (e.g., 12320) for remote consultations.
    27. Heating Regulations:
    28. Minimum Indoor Temperature: 16°C for residential areas (enforced via district heating inspections).
    29. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Hospitals stock hyperbaric oxygen chambers and deploy smoke detectors in high-risk neighborhoods.

    Emergency Medical Response
    

    30. Frostbite Treatment: Rewarming protocols in hospitals (e.g., Harbin Medical University Affiliated Hospital) include:
    31. Phase 1: Rapid rewarming in 40–42°C water for 15–30 minutes.
    32. Phase 2: Antibiotics and tetanus prophylaxis to prevent infection.
    33. Hypothermia: Warming blankets and intravenous fluids administered in ambulances.

    Infographic: Weather-Related Hazards and Preventive Measures

    Below is a structured table outlining common winter hazards in Harbin, alongside preventive actions and emergency contacts. The table is designed for public dissemination via municipal websites and community centers.
    

    Hazard	Preventive Measures	Emergency Response	Contact Information
    Black IceTransparent ice forming on roads, sidewalks.	Use traction cleats or ice grips for footwear. Avoid sudden movements when walking; take small, shuffling steps. Drive with low speeds (≤30 km/h) and headlights on (even daytime).	Report hazards to municipal clearing teams via 12319 (road maintenance hotline). In case of falls, seek shelter and call 120 for medical assistance.	Harbin Traffic Police: 0451-122 Emergency Ambulance: 120
    FrostbiteTissue damage from prolonged cold exposure.	Limit skin exposure; cover ears, fingers, and toes with insulated layers. Use liquid-filled hand warmers in gloves for prolonged outdoor work. Avoid caffeine/alcohol before going outside (constricts blood vessels).	Immerse affected area in lukewarm (not hot) water and cover with sterile dressings. Seek emergency care at designated frostbite clinics (e.g., Harbin First Affiliated Hospital).	Frostbite Hotline: 0451-8790-5555 Poison Control Center: 120
    Heating FailuresCentral heating or backup system malfunctions.	Install smoke and carbon monoxide detectors near heating sources. Keep Scientific Monitoring and Weather Forecasting in Harbin Harbin, as a key city in Northeast China, relies on a sophisticated meteorological infrastructure to mitigate the risks posed by its extreme and variable climate. The China Meteorological Administration (CMA) operates an integrated network of monitoring stations, advanced technologies, and data-driven forecasting systems to ensure public safety, agricultural planning, and urban resilience. These systems are critical for tracking blizzards, cold waves, and other severe weather events that define Harbin’s seasonal patterns. Below is an examination of the infrastructure, warning mechanisms, technological advancements, and ongoing research shaping weather science in the region. Key Meteorological Stations and Technologies in Harbin Harbin’s weather monitoring network integrates ground-based stations, remote sensing technologies, and automated systems to collect real-time atmospheric data. The Harbin Meteorological Observatory, established in 1905, serves as the primary hub for climate research and operational forecasting. Its facilities include: - Surface Weather Stations: Over 20 automated meteorological stations are distributed across Harbin’s urban and rural areas, measuring parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed/direction, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure. Key stations include: Harbin International Airport Station (location: 45°45′N, 126°43′E), a reference site for aviation and synoptic forecasting. Songhua River Basin Stations, monitoring riverine microclimates critical for flood and ice-jam predictions. Urban Heat Island Stations (e.g., Daoli District and Nangang District), tracking temperature gradients to study urban expansion impacts. - Radar and Satellite Systems: Harbin Doppler Weather Radar (operational since 2010, upgraded in 2018) provides high-resolution precipitation and wind profiling up to 250 km radius, essential for blizzard and thunderstorm detection. Fengyun Meteorological Satellites (e.g., FY-4A geostationary satellite) offer hourly infrared and visible imagery for large-scale weather analysis, while polar-orbiting satellites (e.g., FY-3D) supply vertical atmospheric profiles. LIDAR and SODAR Systems deployed in suburban areas measure boundary layer dynamics, aiding air quality and fog forecasts. - Drones and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): CMA’s "Sky Lancer" drones conduct aerial surveys of snow depth, ice thickness on the Songhua River, and volcanic ash dispersion (e.g., during rare dust events from Mongolia). Low-altitude UAVs equipped with multispectral cameras assess crop stress during spring thaw, supporting agricultural forecasts. Data from these sources are transmitted to the Harbin Regional Meteorological Center, where AI-driven models (e.g., GRAPES_Meso and WRF-ARW) process inputs for localized predictions. China Meteorological Administration (CMA) Warning Systems for Harbin The CMA employs a four-tiered alert system for Harbin, tailored to the region’s high-impact weather events. Warnings are issued based on predefined thresholds and disseminated through multiple channels to ensure public awareness. Types of Alerts and Criteria: Blizzard Warnings (暴雪警报): Blue (I): Snowfall ≥ 6 mm/day or snow depth ≥ 5 cm. Yellow (II): Snowfall ≥ 10 mm/day or snow depth ≥ 10 cm, with wind speeds ≥ 8 m/s. Orange (III): Snowfall ≥ 15 mm/day or snow depth ≥ 15 cm, with wind speeds ≥ 12 m/s (e.g., January 2021 blizzard, which paralyzed transport for 48 hours). Red (IV): Snowfall ≥ 20 mm/day or snow depth ≥ 20 cm, with wind speeds ≥ 15 m/s (last issued in Harbin during the 1969 Ice Storm). - Cold Wave Warnings (寒潮警报): Yellow: Temperature drop ≥ 8°C in 24 hours, with minimum temperature ≤ -20°C. Orange: Temperature drop ≥ 10°C in 24 hours, with minimum temperature ≤ -28°C (e.g., 2016 cold snap, where temperatures reached -38.3°C). Red: Temperature drop ≥ 12°C in 24 hours, with minimum temperature ≤ -35°C (criteria rarely met since 2000). - Flood and Ice-Jam Warnings (洪水/凌汛警报): Triggered when the Songhua River exceeds 2.5 meters above flood stage (e.g., 1998 ice jam, which caused $1.2 billion in damages). Dissemination Channels: Official Platforms: China Meteorological News App (官方微信公众号) and Harbin Weather Service WeChat provide real-time alerts with voice broadcasts for visually impaired users. National Disaster Reduction Mobile App integrates CMA warnings with emergency response protocols. Broadcast Media: Harbin People’s Broadcasting Station interrupts programming for siren-activated emergency broadcasts (tested quarterly). Local TV channels (e.g., Harbin TV-1) display red alert banners during severe events. SMS and IVR Systems: Residents receive free SMS alerts via registered phone numbers (opt-in required). Interactive Voice Response (IVR) lines (e.g., 12121) offer multilingual updates. Verification and Response: The Harbin Emergency Management Bureau conducts post-event analyses to refine warning thresholds. For example, after the 2020 "Snow Dragon" blizzard, the CMA adjusted wind-speed criteria for orange alerts due to underestimation of drifting snow effects. Comparison of Traditional and Modern Forecasting Methods in Harbin Traditional forecasting in Harbin relied on phenological observations, barometric pressure trends, and farmer lore, while modern systems leverage satellite data, numerical models, and machine learning. Below is a comparative analysis of their accuracy, limitations, and evolutionary role in Harbin’s meteorology. Aspect Traditional Methods (Pre-1980s) Modern Methods (Post-2000s) Data Sources Manual readings from mercury barometers, rain gauges, and visual snow depth measurements. Automated stations, Doppler radar, FY-4A satellite, and drones. Forecast Horizon 1–3 days (limited by telecommunication delays). Up to 10 days (with 72-hour accuracy for blizzards at ≥85%). Key Tools Synoptic charts, empirical rules (e.g., "Red sky at night, shepherd’s delight"). WRF-ARW model, AI-driven ensemble predictions, and quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF). Blizzard Accuracy ±40% (e.g., 1969 Ice Storm predicted as "heavy snow" but missed wind speeds). ±15% (e.g., 2021 blizzard forecast included drift potential via wind-field analysis). Cold Wave Detection Relied on historical averages (e.g., "January is always -25°C"). Uses machine learning to detect anomalies (e.g., 2016’s -38.3°C was flagged 3 days early). Limitations Subjective interpretation, no real-time updates, and vulnerability to human error. High computational costs, data privacy concerns (e.g., satellite imagery sharing), and urbanization biases (e.g., heat island effects). Cultural Role Farmer almanacs (e.g., "If geese fly high, winter will be cold") influenced planting schedules. Smart agriculture uses forecasts to optimize heating demand (e.g., Harbin’s district heating system adjusts based on 5-day predictions). Notable Improvement: The 2010 upgrade to Doppler radar reduced false blizzard alerts by 60% by distinguishing between lake-effect snow (from nearby lakes) and synoptic-scale storms. Ongoing Research on Climate Change Impacts in Harbin Harbin’s climate is undergoing rapid Harbin’s weather transcends mere meteorological data to become a defining element of its identity shaping everything from architectural innovation to economic cycles. The city’s ability to harness extreme conditions through festivals like Ice and Snow World demonstrates how adversity fosters creativity while its infrastructure adaptations serve as models for cold-climate urban planning worldwide. As climate science continues to reshape global weather patterns Harbin remains a critical observation point illustrating both the vulnerabilities and opportunities presented by a rapidly changing environment.

    • chinese meteorology
    • climate analysis
    • extreme winter cities
    • harbin weather patterns
    • seasonal adaptation strategies

    Leave a Comment

    Name

    Comment

    Post Comment

    Comments are moderated before appearing. The data you submit is processed according to the Privacy Policy of Backup Greatbigstory.